Scientists have determined that a rare element found in some of the oldest solids in the solar system, such as meteorites, and previously thought to have been forged in supernova explosions, actually predate such cosmic events, challenging long-held theories about its origin.
Scientists at the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory led studies of the radioactive isotope beryllium-10, which existed when the solar system came into being some 4.5 to 5 billion years ago. They probed whether this isotope can be formed in sufficient quantities during the massive explosions of gigantic stars in their death throes, called supernovae.
“It is unlikely that such a stellar explosion is the main source for this isotope, as it is observed in the early solar system,” said Raphael Hix, an ORNL nuclear astrophysicist who participated in the study published in the journal Physical Review C. The findings “help us to understand the history of the solar system and the galaxy as a whole.”
The scientists speculate that beryllium-10 is more likely the result of what’s known as cosmic ray spallation — an interaction with the random and ubiquitous high-energy protons and other isotopes, such as carbon-12, that race in all directions throughout the universe at almost the speed of light.
When a star dies, it ejects atoms from its core into the interstellar medium, which is low-density matter that fills the space between stars in a galaxy. The process of making isotopes and elements in stars is referred to as nucleosynthesis. Eventually, portions of the interstellar medium will collect to form the next generation of stars and their associated planets. Included in that atomic soup is carbon-12, which occasionally collides with cosmic rays.
When these high-energy rays collide with carbon-12 atoms, “it literally breaks the nucleus apart, and what’s left can include beryllium-10,” Hix said.
About 4.5 billion years ago, the solar system formed from the collapse of a humongous cloud of gaseous molecules, which created a swirling disk of material known as the solar nebula. Over millions of years, gravity caused the material to coalesce, leading to the formation of the sun and all its planets. Beryllium-10 has a relatively short half-life – the time taken for half the number of radioactive nuclei to decay – of 1.4 million years. That means any beryllium-10 found on Earth today was created long after the solar system formed. However, in some meteorites, scientists find boron-10, a decay product of beryllium-10. The presence of boron-10 with nonradioactive beryllium isotopes implies that freshly made beryllium-10 was already present in the solar system when it formed.